Topic: 2. Sacrifice and religion: Comparisons, Antiquarians, Anthropology (16th-18th Century)
Religious sacrifices across various cultures and contexts sparked widespread interest in Early Modern Europe. As Christianity expanded into regions inhabited by "infidels" and "pagans", Europeans encountered a diverse array of sacrificial customs, ranging from the Sati rituals in India to the Aztec sacrifices in the Americas. This cross-cultural exposure captivated a wide audience, including theologians, philosophers, political thinkers, antiquarians, orientalists, missionaries, poets, artists, and even the general public. These encounters broadened the European understanding of sacrifice and led to a critical reassessment of classical and biblical sacrificial rites. This section includes:
- Sources: A selection of early modern printed materials, which include descriptions of the Americas, Asia, and Africa, alongside antiquarian and philological studies on religious sacrifice in classical antiquity and beyond. It also presents early modern works of ethnological observations and the first attempts to compare different sacrificial practices in various traditions and contexts, laying the groundwork for disciplines like the history of religions and anthropology.
- Iconographic Representations: A rich collection of images from the 16th to 18th centuries, illustrating a range of sacrificial rituals and practices as seen in different cultural and geographical contexts.
- Related Bibliography: An extensive bibliography spanning scholarly works from the 19th to 21st centuries, providing contemporary analyses and interpretations of these early studies and observations.
(1663)
from: L'Enea vagante pitture dei Caracci (from the frescos in Bologna, Palazzo Fava)
Accademia dei Lincei, Fondo Corsini, Roma
Sacrifice of Isaac ( Hebrew Illuminated Manuscripts)
from: Warsaw picture Bible, Cod. 1164, fol. 26 (from Venice)
The Emanuel Ringelblum Jewish Historical Institute in Warsaw (JHI)
The Sacrifice of Isaac (1692)
from: Ze'enah u-Re'enah
Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, A. Hebr. 106, fol. 15v
Satī, from a Sūz u Gudāz manuscript. The union of the couple on the pyre (1657)
from: Sūz u Gudāz ms, Iran, Walters Manuscript W. 649, fol. 19b (Burning and Melting)
The Walters Art Museum, Baltimore, Maryland
the young Hindu woman accompanies her bridegroom's coffin to the funeral pyre and decides to commit sati (1657)
from: Walters manuscript W.649 (Burning and Melting)
The Walters Art Museum
Per questo il Re sacrifica e partito chiede al milesio Dio per la figliuola, il qual risponde à l'ermo e' nculto lito Menala con l'honor funereo et sola lasciala quivi, che mortal marito Haver non dee, ma che per l'aer vola Di velen pieno et con immortal foco Distrugge 'l mondo, et mai non trova loco [1530]
from: Maestro del Dado, Favola di Psiche, [Roma] Ant. Sal. exc. [1532?]
Bibliothèque municipale, Lyon
The building for King Dasaratha's sacrifice (Mughal India) (1594)
from: Miniature (35.4 x 21cm), fol. 27r
Christie's, London
Sveti Đorđe sa izgledom manastira Senđurđa (St George with scenes from his life) (1769)
Galerija Matice Srpske, Novi Sad
Sacrifice of Iphigenia [1602 - 1607]
from: Salsmann, Wilhelm. P. Ovid Nasonis XV Metamorphoseon librorvm figurae elegantissime a Cr[i]spiano Passaeo laminis aeneis incisae: quibus subiuncta sunt epigrammata latine ac germanice conscripta, fabularum omnium summam breviter ac erudite comprehendentia, Cologne, Joannem Jansonium, 1607
Rijksmuseum Amsterdam
Il sacrificio di Ifigenia [1632 - 1633]
Musée des Beaux-Arts, Dijon
Exodi, Cap. XXVII, v. 1-8, Ara Holocausti prospectus alius (1732 - 1737)
from: J. J. Scheuchzer, Physique sacrée, ou Histoire naturelle de la Bible, Amsterdam, Pierre Schenk - Pierre Mortier, 1732 - 1737, tome second, tab. CXCIV
Exodi, Cap. XXVII, v. 1-8, Ara pacis Romana (1732 - 1737)
from: J. J. Scheuchzer, Physique sacrée, ou Histoire naturelle de la Bible, Amsterdam, Pierre Schenk - Pierre Mortier, 1732 - 1737, tome second, tab. CXCVI
Gen. Cap. XXII, v. 10-13, Aquila liberat Helenam sacrificio (1732 - 1737)
from: J. J. Scheuchzer, Physique sacrée, ou Histoire naturelle de la Bible, Amsterdam, Pierre Schenk - Pierre Mortier, 1732 - 1737, tome premier, tab. LXXXIII
Genesis, Cap. XXII, v. 13, Abrahamus sacrificans (1732 - 1737)
from: J. J. Scheuchzer, Physique sacrée, ou Histoire naturelle de la Bible, Amsterdam, Pierre Schenk - Pierre Mortier, 1732 - 1737, tome premier, tab. LXXXIII
A Portugese Jewish circumcision ceremony (1714)
from: Picart, Cérémonies et coutumes religieuses de tous les peuples du monde
Wellcome Collection, London
Ancient Nordic Sami People Sacrifice and Pagan Religious Feast (1723 - 1743)
from: Picart, Bernard; Bernard, Jean Frederic. Religious Ceremonies and Customs of All the Peoples of the World, 1723-1743
Le grand sacrifice des Canadiens à Quitchi-Manitou ou le Grand Esprit (1723)
from: Picart, Bernard. Cérémonies et coutumes religieuses de tous les peuples du monde: représentées par des figures, deel III. Amsterdam: Jean Frédéric Bernard, 1723-1743
Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam