Topic: 2. Sacrifice and religion: Comparisons, Antiquarians, Anthropology (16th-18th century)

Topic: 2. Sacrifice and religion: Comparisons, Antiquarians, Anthropology (16^th-18^th Century)

Religious sacrifices across various cultures and contexts sparked widespread interest in Early Modern Europe. As Christianity expanded into regions inhabited by "infidels" and "pagans", Europeans encountered a diverse array of sacrificial customs, ranging from the Sati rituals in India to the Aztec sacrifices in the Americas. This cross-cultural exposure captivated a wide audience, including theologians, philosophers, political thinkers, antiquarians, orientalists, missionaries, poets, artists, and even the general public. These encounters broadened the European understanding of sacrifice and led to a critical reassessment of classical and biblical sacrificial rites. This section includes:

Sources: A selection of early modern printed materials, which include descriptions of the Americas, Asia, and Africa, alongside antiquarian and philological studies on religious sacrifice in classical antiquity and beyond. It also presents early modern works of ethnological observations and the first attempts to compare different sacrificial practices in various traditions and contexts, laying the groundwork for disciplines like the history of religions and anthropology.
Iconographic Representations: A rich collection of images from the 16^th to 18^th centuries, illustrating a range of sacrificial rituals and practices as seen in different cultural and geographical contexts.
Related Bibliography: An extensive bibliography spanning scholarly works from the 19^th to 21^st centuries, providing contemporary analyses and interpretations of these early studies and observations.

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Sun'i

The sacrifice of Isaac. The Prophet Ibrahim (Abraham) surviving the furnace (above), and preparing to sacrifice his son Ism'il (below), from The Cream of Histories (Zubdat al-tawarikh) by Sayyid Luqman-i 'Ashuri (1585)

from: Sayyid Luqman-i Ashur, Zubdat al-tawarikh, Istanbul, Turkey

Sayyid Luqman-i Ashur, Zubdat al-tawarikh, detached folio, Chester Beatty Library, Dublin

Topics:
1. Sacrifice and Bible (16^th-18^th Century) 2. Sacrifice and religion: Comparisons, Antiquarians, Anthropology (16^th-18^th Century)

Keywords: AbrahamAbraham and IsaacHuman SacrificesIsaacIslamManuscriptOttoman Empire

Sur Das Gujarati

"The First Adventure of the White Horse". The king performed the horse sacrifice in order to determine the extent of his rule. For one year a horse wanders and every land through which the horse passes becomes part of the king’s territory. Arjuna following the horse encountered the son-in-law of the god of fire, Agni, who creates a river of fire to block the warriors. Arjuna pleads with Agni, the god of fire that the horse be allowed to pass, saying that the horse sacrifice is in accordance with sacred Vedic injunctions, and that at the end of the year, the horse will be sacrificed to him, the god of fire himself. (1610-1617)

from: Page from the Khan Khanan's Razm Nama (Book of Wars)

The Cleveland Museum of Art

Topics:
2. Sacrifice and religion: Comparisons, Antiquarians, Anthropology (16^th-18^th Century) 3. Sacrifice and politics (16^th-18^th Century)

Keywords: Animal Sacrifice AsvamedhaHorsesIndiaKingshipMughal

Tempesta, Antonio

Iphigenia Agamemnoni immolanda, à Diana (cerva eius in locum substituta) surripitur (1606)

from: Antonio Tempesta, Metamorphoseon sive transformationum ovidianarum libri quindicem aeneis formis ab Antonio Tempesta Fiorentino incisi, et in pictorum antiquitatisque studiosorum gratiam nunc primum exquisitissimis sumptibus a Petro de Iode anteuerpiano in lucem editi, vol. 12, Anversa 1606, plate 112

Topics:
2. Sacrifice and religion: Comparisons, Antiquarians, Anthropology (16^th-18^th Century)

Keywords: Ancient GreeksFirstbornsHuman SacrificesIphigeniaWomen