Topic: 2. Sacrifice and religion: Comparisons, Antiquarians, Anthropology (16th-18th Century)
Religious sacrifices across various cultures and contexts sparked widespread interest in Early Modern Europe. As Christianity expanded into regions inhabited by "infidels" and "pagans", Europeans encountered a diverse array of sacrificial customs, ranging from the Sati rituals in India to the Aztec sacrifices in the Americas. This cross-cultural exposure captivated a wide audience, including theologians, philosophers, political thinkers, antiquarians, orientalists, missionaries, poets, artists, and even the general public. These encounters broadened the European understanding of sacrifice and led to a critical reassessment of classical and biblical sacrificial rites. This section includes:
- Sources: A selection of early modern printed materials, which include descriptions of the Americas, Asia, and Africa, alongside antiquarian and philological studies on religious sacrifice in classical antiquity and beyond. It also presents early modern works of ethnological observations and the first attempts to compare different sacrificial practices in various traditions and contexts, laying the groundwork for disciplines like the history of religions and anthropology.
- Iconographic Representations: A rich collection of images from the 16th to 18th centuries, illustrating a range of sacrificial rituals and practices as seen in different cultural and geographical contexts.
- Related Bibliography: An extensive bibliography spanning scholarly works from the 19th to 21st centuries, providing contemporary analyses and interpretations of these early studies and observations.
Disputationum Theologicarum De Sacrificiis Satisfactionis Pro Peccatis Totius Mundi Praestitae, Typis Certissimis, Et Firmissimis, Adversus recentiores Arianos seu Photinianos Satisfactionem Christi omnem pernegantes Tertia : Quod in actibus sacrificiorum preces ardentissimas & Cantica sacra adhibuerint / Quae In Collegio Disputationum Theologicarum [...]
Wittenber: Gormannus, 1615.
Schola Sacrificiorum Patriarchalium Sacra, Hoc Est, Assertio solidissima, Satisfactionis Á Domino nostro Iesv Christo [...] praestitae: in Sacrificiorum veterum typis fundata, & recentibus Arrianis seu Photinianis eandem negantibus, per Disputationes XXII
Wittenber: Balthasar Mevius, 1654.
Images on a Mission in Early Modern Kongo and Angola
University Park, Pa: Penn State Press, 2022.
Pagan burnt offering in ancient Austria (1734-1737)
from: Alt- und Neues Oesterreich, Oder Compendieuse Universal-Historie Von dem alt- und neuen, geistlich und weltlichen Zustand dieses Lands, Bd. 4: Oesterreichisches Heydenthum, oder Völcker-Beschreibung der alten Zeiten vor und unter den Römern […], Wien: Heyinger, 1737
UB Heidelberg, B 6526 A RES
A sheaf from the first harvest is offered on the altar (1731)
from: Johann Jakob Scheuchzer: Physica Sacra, 1731, Abtheilung 2, nach S. 502, Tafel 283 (ZB III ZZ 55)Illustriert Lev 23,10
Zürich, ZB, Graphische Sammlung, Füssli J.M. Phys. Sac. ZEI 94 / emanuscripta
Heilige Himmelsfeuer (1731)
from: Scheuchzer, Johann Jakob, Physica Sacra (Kupfer-Bibel), Augsburg and Ulm, Christian Ulrich Wagner, 1731-1735, vol 2, p. 382, Tafel 226 (ZB III ZZ 55)Illustriert Lev 9,24
Zürich, ZB, Graphische Sammlung, Füssli J.M. Phys. Sac. ZEI 66 / emanuscripta
Himmelfeuer (1731)
from: Scheuchzer, Johann Jakob, Physica Sacra (Kupfer-Bibel), Augsburg and Ulm, Christian Ulrich Wagner, 1731-1735, vol. 2, p. 384, Tafel 227 (ZB III ZZ 55)Illustriert Lev 10,2
Zürich, ZB, Graphische Sammlung, Füssli J.M. Phys. Sac. ZEI 67 / emanuscripta
Purification offering of the lepers (1731)
from: Scheuchzer, Johann Jakob, Physica Sacra (Kupfer-Bibel), Augsburg and Ulm, Christian Ulrich Wagner, 1731-1735, vol. 2, p. 476, Tafel 273 (ZB III ZZ 55) Illustriert Lev 14,10
Zürich, ZB, Graphische Sammlung, Füssli J.M. Phys. Sac. ZEI 87 / emanuscripta
Sacrifice for priestly ordination (1731)
from: Scheuchzer, Johann Jakob, Physica Sacra (Kupfer-Bibel), Augsburg and Ulm, Christian Ulrich Wagner, 1731-1735, vol 2, p. 324, Tafel 203 (ZB III ZZ 55)Illustriert Ex 29,1
Zürich, ZB, Graphische Sammlung, Füssli J.M. Phys. Sac. ZEI 50 / emanuscripta
Sacrifice of Birds and Fat (1731)
from: Scheuchzer, Johann Jakob, Physica Sacra (Kupfer-Bibel), Augsburg and Ulm, Christian Ulrich Wagner, 1731-1735, vol. 2, p. 380, Tafel 224 (ZB III ZZ 55) Illustriert Lev 1,8-14
Zürich, ZB, Graphische Sammlung, Füssli J.M. Phys. Sac. ZEI 64 / emanuscripta
Sacrifice of pure Animals (1731)
from: Scheuchzer, Johann Jakob, Physica Sacra (Kupfer-Bibel), Augsburg and Ulm, Christian Ulrich Wagner, 1731-1735, vol. 2, nach S. 378, Tafel 223 (ZB III ZZ 55) Illustriert Lev 1,2-3
Zürich, ZB, Graphische Sammlung, Füssli J.M. Phys. Sac. ZEI 63 / emanuscripta
Verwerfliche Opfer (1731)
from: Scheuchzer, Johann Jakob, Physica Sacra (Kupfer-Bibel), Augsburg and Ulm, Christian Ulrich Wagner, 1731-1735, vol. 2, p. 500, plate 282 (ZB III ZZ 55)Illustriert Lev 22,22-24
Zürich, ZB, Graphische Sammlung, Füssli J.M. Phys. Sac. ZEI 93 / emanuscripta
The court of the gentiles, or, A discourse touching the original of human literature, both philologie and philosophie, from the Scriptures and Jewish church. Part 2, Of philosophie in order to a demonstration of 1. The perfection of Gods word and church light, 2. The imperfection of natures light and mischief of vain philosophie, 3. The right use of human learning and especially sound philosophie
Oxford: William Hall for Thomas Gilbert, 1660.
De sanctorum martyrum cruciatibus. Antonii Gallonii [...] liber [...] nunc primum in Germania [...] editus
Cologne: Joannes Gymnicus, 1602.