Topic: 3. Sacrifice and politics (16th-18th Century)
During the transformative period of the 16th to 18th centuries, the notion of the State evolved into a nearly mystical entity, perceived as immortal and worthy of the ultimate sacrifice. This section delves into the complex interplay between sovereignty, resistance, and sacrifice, a theme explored by early proponents of political tolerance. It also examines revolutionary acts and regicide, viewed through the lens of sacrificial rites. This section includes early modern printed and iconographic sources, along with a comprehensive bibliography from the 19th to 21st centuries, providing a historical and modern perspective on this complex theme
The Death of Atilius Regulus (1662)
Galleria Trincia, Rome
Consacration of Decius Mus (1616 - 1617)
Prince of Liechtenstein's Collections, Wien
Death Decius Mus (1617)
Liechtenstein Museum, Wien
Mucius Scaevola in the Presence of Porsenna [1601 - 1650]
Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts, Moscow
Pagan Sacrifice of King Ahaz (1646)
from: Bibels tresoor, ofte der zielen lusthof, vytgebeelt in figueren, door verscheyden meesters. Ende gesneden, door Christoffel van Sichem, Amsterdam, P. I. Paets, 1646, p. 592
Rijksmuseum Amsterdam
"The First Adventure of the White Horse". The king performed the horse sacrifice in order to determine the extent of his rule. For one year a horse wanders and every land through which the horse passes becomes part of the king’s territory. Arjuna following the horse encountered the son-in-law of the god of fire, Agni, who creates a river of fire to block the warriors. Arjuna pleads with Agni, the god of fire that the horse be allowed to pass, saying that the horse sacrifice is in accordance with sacred Vedic injunctions, and that at the end of the year, the horse will be sacrificed to him, the god of fire himself. (1610-1617)
from: Page from the Khan Khanan's Razm Nama (Book of Wars)
The Cleveland Museum of Art
Oliver Cromwell on Horseback (1671)
from: Galardi, Ferdinand de. La tyranie heureuse ou Cromwel politique, avec ses artifices et intrigues dans tout le cours de sa conduite, Leiden, Jean Pauwels, 1671, Frontispice
Rijksmuseum Amsterdam
Mucius Scaevola in the Presence of Porsenna (1726 - 1729)
Musée Magnin, Dijon
An Aztec Noble’s Sacrifice for his Country [1585]
from: Codex Ramírez or Tovar - Relación del origen de los indios que hábitan esta Nueva España según sus Historias
John Carter Brown Library
Death Decius Mus (1641)
The State museum Hermitage, Saint Petersburg
Martyrium des Simon von Trent, Darstellung aus der Nürnberger Weltchronik von Hartmann Schedel - Purported Martyrdom of Simon of Trent, depiction from the Nuremberg World Chronicle by Hartmann Schedel. (1493)
from: Hartmann Schedel, Nürnberger Weltchronik
Fight between Horatii and Curiatii (1612 - 1613)
Musei capitolini, Sala degli Orazi, Rome
A Ruler Performing Yajna (Fire Ritual) (1801 - 1900)
Islamic & Indian Paintings, The Dexter Collection Part II, London
The Torture of Atilius Regulus [1542 - 1543]
British Museum, London