Topic: 2. Sacrifice and religion: Comparisons, Antiquarians, Anthropology (16th-18th century)

Topic: 2. Sacrifice and religion: Comparisons, Antiquarians, Anthropology (16^th-18^th Century)

Religious sacrifices across various cultures and contexts sparked widespread interest in Early Modern Europe. As Christianity expanded into regions inhabited by "infidels" and "pagans", Europeans encountered a diverse array of sacrificial customs, ranging from the Sati rituals in India to the Aztec sacrifices in the Americas. This cross-cultural exposure captivated a wide audience, including theologians, philosophers, political thinkers, antiquarians, orientalists, missionaries, poets, artists, and even the general public. These encounters broadened the European understanding of sacrifice and led to a critical reassessment of classical and biblical sacrificial rites. This section includes:

Sources: A selection of early modern printed materials, which include descriptions of the Americas, Asia, and Africa, alongside antiquarian and philological studies on religious sacrifice in classical antiquity and beyond. It also presents early modern works of ethnological observations and the first attempts to compare different sacrificial practices in various traditions and contexts, laying the groundwork for disciplines like the history of religions and anthropology.
Iconographic Representations: A rich collection of images from the 16^th to 18^th centuries, illustrating a range of sacrificial rituals and practices as seen in different cultural and geographical contexts.
Related Bibliography: An extensive bibliography spanning scholarly works from the 19^th to 21^st centuries, providing contemporary analyses and interpretations of these early studies and observations.

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Unknown Indian Artist

Thirteen different gods perform a yagna, a fire sacrifice, an old vedic ritual where offerings are made to the god of fire, Agni (1800-1899)

London, Wellcome Collection

Topics:
2. Sacrifice and religion: Comparisons, Antiquarians, Anthropology (16^th-18^th Century)

Keywords: FireHinduIndiaVedic

Unknown Indian Artist

Vishnu, Brahman and three other deities perform a yagna, a fire sacrifice (1800-1899)

London, Wellcome Collection

Topics:
2. Sacrifice and religion: Comparisons, Antiquarians, Anthropology (16^th-18^th Century)

Keywords: FireHinduIndiaVedic

Unknown/Anonymous

The Sacrifice of Isaac (17th)

from: Project on engraved sources of Spanish colonial art

Iglesia de San Martín, Potosí, Bolivia

Topics:
1. Sacrifice and Bible (16^th-18^th Century) 2. Sacrifice and religion: Comparisons, Antiquarians, Anthropology (16^th-18^th Century)

Keywords: AbrahamAbraham and IsaacAmericasIsaacSouth America

Valadés, Diego

Tipus sacrificiorum que in maniter indi faciebant in novo indiarum orbe precipue in Mexico (1579)

from: D. Valadés, Rhetorica christiana: ad concionandi et orandi usum accommodata, utriusque facultatis exemplis suo loco insertis, quae quidem, ex indorum maxime deprompta sunt historiis, unde praeter doctrinam, summa quoque delectatio comparabitur, Pietro Giacomo Petrucci, Perugia 1579, p. 172

Topics:
2. Sacrifice and religion: Comparisons, Antiquarians, Anthropology (16^th-18^th Century)

Keywords: AztecsEngravingsFireMexicoTemples

Vanloo, Carle

The Sacrifice of Iphigenia (1755)

Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

Topics:
2. Sacrifice and religion: Comparisons, Antiquarians, Anthropology (16^th-18^th Century)

Keywords: Ancient GreeksFirstbornsHuman SacrificesIphigeniaWomen

Vaughan, Robert

Pantheon sive Idola Judeorum [1650]

The British Museum, London

Topics:
2. Sacrifice and religion: Comparisons, Antiquarians, Anthropology (16^th-18^th Century)

Keywords: BaalJewish StudiesMolochSukkot

Vecelio, Tiziano

Jacopo Pesaro Being Presented by Pope Alexander VI to Saint Peter [1511 - 1513]

Koninklijke Museum voor Schone Kunsten, Antwerp

Topics:
2. Sacrifice and religion: Comparisons, Antiquarians, Anthropology (16^th-18^th Century)

Keywords: Ancient RomansChurch HistoryItalyPaintingsRome

Veneziano, Agostino

Lycaon at left, with the face of a wolf, carrying an axe over his left shoulder and approaching Jupiter (1523)

from: Italy

The British Museum, London

Topics:
2. Sacrifice and religion: Comparisons, Antiquarians, Anthropology (16^th-18^th Century)

Keywords: Ancient GreeksGreek mythologyLykaon

Veneziano, Agostino (Agostino de Musis)

Amor and Psyche. Psyche's father consults the oracle, animals for sacrifice (1530)

from: Apuleius, La novella di Psiche, Rome, 1530-1560, Plate: 4

The Warburg Institute, London

Topics:
2. Sacrifice and religion: Comparisons, Antiquarians, Anthropology (16^th-18^th Century)

Keywords: Ancient SacrificesAnimal Sacrifice ApuleiusBullSheep

Vera Estaca, Alejo

Numancia (1880 - 1881)

Museo Nacional del Prado, Madrid (Spain)

Topics:
2. Sacrifice and religion: Comparisons, Antiquarians, Anthropology (16^th-18^th Century) 5. Sacrifices of self: Martyrology and crusades including Reconquista (12^th-20^th Century)

Keywords: Ancient RomansMassacresSelf-Sacrifice

Villerey, Antoine Claude François, after Nanine Vallain 1754-1828

Spanish conquistadors discovering victims of human sacrifices among the Incas (?) [1790-1799]

London, Wellcome Collection

Topics:
2. Sacrifice and religion: Comparisons, Antiquarians, Anthropology (16^th-18^th Century) 3. Sacrifice and politics (16^th-18^th Century)

Keywords: AmericasHuman SacrificeInca Empire

Virtue, James S.

A Suttee (1858)

http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00routesdata/1800_1899/hinduism/sati/sati.html

Topics:
2. Sacrifice and religion: Comparisons, Antiquarians, Anthropology (16^th-18^th Century) 7. Sacrifices of self: Martirology and Catholic global missions (16^th-18^th Century)

Keywords: FireIndiaSacrificeWomen

Vogel, Georg

The Chochin Chinese sacrifice the first fruits of the year to their god Fo (1787 -1810)

from: A voyage to Cochinchina, in the years 1792 and 1793. To which is annexed an account of a journey made in the years 1801 and 1802, to the residence of the chief of the Booshuana nation

Topics:
2. Sacrifice and religion: Comparisons, Antiquarians, Anthropology (16^th-18^th Century)

Keywords: AgricoltureAsiaSacrifice ComparedTraveloguesVietnam