Topic: 2. Sacrifice and religion: Comparisons, Antiquarians, Anthropology (16th-18th century)

Topic: 2. Sacrifice and religion: Comparisons, Antiquarians, Anthropology (16^th-18^th Century)

Religious sacrifices across various cultures and contexts sparked widespread interest in Early Modern Europe. As Christianity expanded into regions inhabited by "infidels" and "pagans", Europeans encountered a diverse array of sacrificial customs, ranging from the Sati rituals in India to the Aztec sacrifices in the Americas. This cross-cultural exposure captivated a wide audience, including theologians, philosophers, political thinkers, antiquarians, orientalists, missionaries, poets, artists, and even the general public. These encounters broadened the European understanding of sacrifice and led to a critical reassessment of classical and biblical sacrificial rites. This section includes:

Sources: A selection of early modern printed materials, which include descriptions of the Americas, Asia, and Africa, alongside antiquarian and philological studies on religious sacrifice in classical antiquity and beyond. It also presents early modern works of ethnological observations and the first attempts to compare different sacrificial practices in various traditions and contexts, laying the groundwork for disciplines like the history of religions and anthropology.
Iconographic Representations: A rich collection of images from the 16^th to 18^th centuries, illustrating a range of sacrificial rituals and practices as seen in different cultural and geographical contexts.
Related Bibliography: An extensive bibliography spanning scholarly works from the 19^th to 21^st centuries, providing contemporary analyses and interpretations of these early studies and observations.

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Fazuli

Ibrahim about to sacrifice Ismail. Cebrail (Gabriel) stands nearby holding the ram. (Late 16th/Early 17th)

from: A miniature painting from a manuscript of Hadikat us-suada, a history of the holy martyrs of the Prophet's family [Ms Or. 12009, fol.19v]

British Library, London [from Turkey]

Topics:
1. Sacrifice and Bible (16^th-18^th Century) 2. Sacrifice and religion: Comparisons, Antiquarians, Anthropology (16^th-18^th Century)

Keywords: Abraham and IsaacIranIslamPersia

Ferdinandi, Francesco

Scene of sacrifice [1721 - 1722]

Palazzo Reale, Turin

Topics:
2. Sacrifice and religion: Comparisons, Antiquarians, Anthropology (16^th-18^th Century)

Keywords: Ancient SacrificesWomen

Ferrari, Lorenzo de'

The suicide of Themistocles [1675 - 1700]

Palazzo Reale, Turin

Topics:
2. Sacrifice and religion: Comparisons, Antiquarians, Anthropology (16^th-18^th Century)

Keywords: Ancient GreeksAnimal Sacrifice War

Ferroverde, Filippo

Il dio Quetzalcoatl (1626)

from: V. Cartari - L. Pignoria, Seconda Novissima Editione Delle Imagini De Gli Dei Delli Antichi, 1626, p. 550

Topics:
2. Sacrifice and religion: Comparisons, Antiquarians, Anthropology (16^th-18^th Century)

Keywords: AntiquarianismAztecChrist's SacrificeMexicoSacrifice ComparedSelf-Sacrifice

Ferroverde, Filippo

Quetzalcoatl

from: V. Cartari - L. Pignoria, Seconda Novissima Editione Delle Imagini De Gli Dei Delli Antichi, 1626, p. 557

Topics:
2. Sacrifice and religion: Comparisons, Antiquarians, Anthropology (16^th-18^th Century)

Keywords: AntiquarianismAztecAztec . MexicoIdolatryMesoamericaMexicoSacrifice Compared

Finiguerra, Maso - Baldini, Baccio (school of)

The Sacrifice of Polyxena (ca 1470-1475)

from: The Florentine Picture-Chronicle' page from the album (recto of 1889,0527.58): Pyrrhus (Neoptolemos) sacrificing Polyxena on the tomb of his father Achilles

British Museum, London

Topics:
2. Sacrifice and religion: Comparisons, Antiquarians, Anthropology (16^th-18^th Century) 3. Sacrifice and politics (16^th-18^th Century)

Keywords: AchillesPolyxenaWarWomen

Fiorentino, Rosso

Ancient Sacrifice (1535 - 1539)

Galerie François-Ier, château de Fontainebleau, Fontainebleau

Topics:
2. Sacrifice and religion: Comparisons, Antiquarians, Anthropology (16^th-18^th Century)

Keywords: Pagan Sacrifice

Fogolino, Marcello

Episodi della vita di Lorenzino da Marostica (1520-40)

Trento, Castello del Buonconsiglio

Topics:
2. Sacrifice and religion: Comparisons, Antiquarians, Anthropology (16^th-18^th Century)

Keywords: AntisemitismBlood LibelChild SacrificeJewish Studies

Fontana, Giovanni Battista

Romulus Offers a Sacrifice to Hercules [1575]

Harvard Art Museums nr 2016.248.10

Topics:
2. Sacrifice and religion: Comparisons, Antiquarians, Anthropology (16^th-18^th Century)

Keywords: Ancient RomansAncient SacrificesFireHerculesRomulus

Frans Post 1612-1680

Brasilian Landscape with Manoah's Sacrifice (1648)

Museum Boymans van Beuningen, Rotterdam

Topics:
1. Sacrifice and Bible (16^th-18^th Century) 2. Sacrifice and religion: Comparisons, Antiquarians, Anthropology (16^th-18^th Century)

Keywords: BibleBrazil

Frezza, Giovanni Girolamo

Ifigenia libens collum submitte securi; Non aliter, quando Troia perire potest (1713)

Rijksmuseum Amsterdam

Topics:
2. Sacrifice and religion: Comparisons, Antiquarians, Anthropology (16^th-18^th Century) 3. Sacrifice and politics (16^th-18^th Century)

Keywords: Animal Sacrifice FirstbornsIphigeniaSacrifice for the NationWomen

Fuchs, J.

Human sacrifice among the Khonds in India: a victim (meriah) about to be dismembered (1860)

London, Wellcome Collection

Topics:
2. Sacrifice and religion: Comparisons, Antiquarians, Anthropology (16^th-18^th Century)

Keywords: Human SacrificeIndia

Fuhrmann, Mathias

Pagan burnt offering in ancient Austria (1734-1737)

from: Alt- und Neues Oesterreich, Oder Compendieuse Universal-Historie Von dem alt- und neuen, geistlich und weltlichen Zustand dieses Lands, Bd. 4: Oesterreichisches Heydenthum, oder Völcker-Beschreibung der alten Zeiten vor und unter den Römern […], Wien: Heyinger, 1737

UB Heidelberg, B 6526 A RES

Topics:
2. Sacrifice and religion: Comparisons, Antiquarians, Anthropology (16^th-18^th Century)

Keywords: Ancient SacrificesAustriaPagan Sacrifice

Füssli, Johann Melchior

A sheaf from the first harvest is offered on the altar (1731)

from: Johann Jakob Scheuchzer: Physica Sacra, 1731, Abtheilung 2, nach S. 502, Tafel 283 (ZB III ZZ 55)Illustriert Lev 23,10

Zürich, ZB, Graphische Sammlung, Füssli J.M. Phys. Sac. ZEI 94 / emanuscripta

Topics:
1. Sacrifice and Bible (16^th-18^th Century) 2. Sacrifice and religion: Comparisons, Antiquarians, Anthropology (16^th-18^th Century)

Keywords: AgricoltureBibleDrawingFireLeviticus

Füssli, Johann Melchior

Heilige Himmelsfeuer (1731)

from: Scheuchzer, Johann Jakob, Physica Sacra (Kupfer-Bibel), Augsburg and Ulm, Christian Ulrich Wagner, 1731-1735, vol 2, p. 382, Tafel 226 (ZB III ZZ 55)Illustriert Lev 9,24

Zürich, ZB, Graphische Sammlung, Füssli J.M. Phys. Sac. ZEI 66 / emanuscripta

Topics:
1. Sacrifice and Bible (16^th-18^th Century) 2. Sacrifice and religion: Comparisons, Antiquarians, Anthropology (16^th-18^th Century)

Keywords: BibleDrawingFire

Füssli, Johann Melchior

Himmelfeuer (1731)

from: Scheuchzer, Johann Jakob, Physica Sacra (Kupfer-Bibel), Augsburg and Ulm, Christian Ulrich Wagner, 1731-1735, vol. 2, p. 384, Tafel 227 (ZB III ZZ 55)Illustriert Lev 10,2

Zürich, ZB, Graphische Sammlung, Füssli J.M. Phys. Sac. ZEI 67 / emanuscripta

Topics:
1. Sacrifice and Bible (16^th-18^th Century) 2. Sacrifice and religion: Comparisons, Antiquarians, Anthropology (16^th-18^th Century)

Keywords: BibleFire

Füssli, Johann Melchior

Purification offering of the lepers (1731)

from: Scheuchzer, Johann Jakob, Physica Sacra (Kupfer-Bibel), Augsburg and Ulm, Christian Ulrich Wagner, 1731-1735, vol. 2, p. 476, Tafel 273 (ZB III ZZ 55) Illustriert Lev 14,10

Zürich, ZB, Graphische Sammlung, Füssli J.M. Phys. Sac. ZEI 87 / emanuscripta

Topics:
1. Sacrifice and Bible (16^th-18^th Century) 2. Sacrifice and religion: Comparisons, Antiquarians, Anthropology (16^th-18^th Century)

Keywords: BibleFireLeprersLeviticusPurification

Füssli, Johann Melchior

Sacrifice for priestly ordination (1731)

from: Scheuchzer, Johann Jakob, Physica Sacra (Kupfer-Bibel), Augsburg and Ulm, Christian Ulrich Wagner, 1731-1735, vol 2, p. 324, Tafel 203 (ZB III ZZ 55)Illustriert Ex 29,1

Zürich, ZB, Graphische Sammlung, Füssli J.M. Phys. Sac. ZEI 50 / emanuscripta

Topics:
1. Sacrifice and Bible (16^th-18^th Century) 2. Sacrifice and religion: Comparisons, Antiquarians, Anthropology (16^th-18^th Century)

Keywords: Animal Sacrifice BibleDrawingFireLeviticus

Füssli, Johann Melchior

Sacrifice of Birds and Fat (1731)

from: Scheuchzer, Johann Jakob, Physica Sacra (Kupfer-Bibel), Augsburg and Ulm, Christian Ulrich Wagner, 1731-1735, vol. 2, p. 380, Tafel 224 (ZB III ZZ 55) Illustriert Lev 1,8-14

Zürich, ZB, Graphische Sammlung, Füssli J.M. Phys. Sac. ZEI 64 / emanuscripta

Topics:
1. Sacrifice and Bible (16^th-18^th Century) 2. Sacrifice and religion: Comparisons, Antiquarians, Anthropology (16^th-18^th Century)

Keywords: Animal Sacrifice BibleBirdsFattFire

Füssli, Johann Melchior

Sacrifice of pure Animals (1731)

from: Scheuchzer, Johann Jakob, Physica Sacra (Kupfer-Bibel), Augsburg and Ulm, Christian Ulrich Wagner, 1731-1735, vol. 2, nach S. 378, Tafel 223 (ZB III ZZ 55) Illustriert Lev 1,2-3

Zürich, ZB, Graphische Sammlung, Füssli J.M. Phys. Sac. ZEI 63 / emanuscripta

Topics:
1. Sacrifice and Bible (16^th-18^th Century) 2. Sacrifice and religion: Comparisons, Antiquarians, Anthropology (16^th-18^th Century)

Keywords: Animal Sacrifice BibleDrawingFireLeviticus

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