Topic: 2. Sacrifice and religion: Comparisons, Antiquarians, Anthropology (16th-18th Century)
Religious sacrifices across various cultures and contexts sparked widespread interest in Early Modern Europe. As Christianity expanded into regions inhabited by "infidels" and "pagans", Europeans encountered a diverse array of sacrificial customs, ranging from the Sati rituals in India to the Aztec sacrifices in the Americas. This cross-cultural exposure captivated a wide audience, including theologians, philosophers, political thinkers, antiquarians, orientalists, missionaries, poets, artists, and even the general public. These encounters broadened the European understanding of sacrifice and led to a critical reassessment of classical and biblical sacrificial rites. This section includes:
- Sources: A selection of early modern printed materials, which include descriptions of the Americas, Asia, and Africa, alongside antiquarian and philological studies on religious sacrifice in classical antiquity and beyond. It also presents early modern works of ethnological observations and the first attempts to compare different sacrificial practices in various traditions and contexts, laying the groundwork for disciplines like the history of religions and anthropology.
- Iconographic Representations: A rich collection of images from the 16th to 18th centuries, illustrating a range of sacrificial rituals and practices as seen in different cultural and geographical contexts.
- Related Bibliography: An extensive bibliography spanning scholarly works from the 19th to 21st centuries, providing contemporary analyses and interpretations of these early studies and observations.
The Women Sacrificing an Ass to Priapus (1553)
Museum Boymans van Beuningen, Rotterdam
On Eating Meat and Human Sacrifice. Greek Anthropology in Asclepiades of Cyprus and Theophrastus of Eresus
in: Faces of Hellenism. Studies in the History of the Eastern Mediterranean (4th Century B.C.-5th Century A.D.), pp. 11-47
Leuven: Peeters, 2009.
The Rig Veda
London: Penguin, 1981.
Galerie agreable du monde
Leiden: Pierre vander Aa, 1729.
Le sang du sacrifice chez les Soudanais de Wad Madani
in: Sacrifices en Islam: Espaces et temps d'un rituel, pp.
Paris: CNRS, 1999.
Shepherd sacrificing Ram
from: Book of Meshal Ha-Kadmoni (from Germany)
Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Cod. hebr. 107 (Steinschneider 1895, No. 107), fol. 24
R. Mosis Majemonidae De sacrificiis liber: Accesserunt Abarbanelis Exordium commentariorum in Leviticum : quo omnis omnium sacrificiorum ratio breviter ac dilucidè disputatur.
London: Flesher, 1683.
A parallel between Indic and Babylonian Sacrificial Ritual
in: Journal of the American Oriental Society, v. 54 (1934), issue 2: pp.107-128.
Sacrifice in Mesopotamia
in: Sacrifice in Religious Experience, pp. 39-48
Leiden: Brill, 2002.
Rerum a Societate Iesu in Oriente gestarum, a cura di Giovanni Pietro Maffei, in aedibus Decii Lachaei
Naples: apud Horatium Salvianum, 1573.
2. Sacrifice and religion: Comparisons, Antiquarians, Anthropology (16th-18th Century) 7. Sacrifices of self: Martirology and Catholic global missions (16th-18th Century)
De natura novi orbis libri duo, et de promulgatione Evangelii, apud barbaros, sive de procuranda Indorum Salute libri sex
Salamanca: Guillelmum Foquel, 1589.
Muhammad and the formation of sacrifice
Frankfurt am Main: PL Academic Research, 2014.
A comparative study of the intended sacrifice of Isaac/Ishmael in the Bible and the Qur’ān
in: Islamic Studies, v. 46 (2007), issue 4: pp.483-498.
Striving in the Path of God. Jihad and Martyrdom in Islamic Thought
Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.
Martyrdom in Islamic thought and practice. A historical survey.
in: Martyrdom and Terrorism. Pre-Modern and Contemporary Perspectives, pp. 40 - 58
Oxford - New York: Oxford University Press, 2014.