Topic: 2. Sacrifice and religion: Comparisons, Antiquarians, Anthropology (16th-18th century)

Topic: 2. Sacrifice and religion: Comparisons, Antiquarians, Anthropology (16^th-18^th Century)

Religious sacrifices across various cultures and contexts sparked widespread interest in Early Modern Europe. As Christianity expanded into regions inhabited by "infidels" and "pagans", Europeans encountered a diverse array of sacrificial customs, ranging from the Sati rituals in India to the Aztec sacrifices in the Americas. This cross-cultural exposure captivated a wide audience, including theologians, philosophers, political thinkers, antiquarians, orientalists, missionaries, poets, artists, and even the general public. These encounters broadened the European understanding of sacrifice and led to a critical reassessment of classical and biblical sacrificial rites. This section includes:

Sources: A selection of early modern printed materials, which include descriptions of the Americas, Asia, and Africa, alongside antiquarian and philological studies on religious sacrifice in classical antiquity and beyond. It also presents early modern works of ethnological observations and the first attempts to compare different sacrificial practices in various traditions and contexts, laying the groundwork for disciplines like the history of religions and anthropology.
Iconographic Representations: A rich collection of images from the 16^th to 18^th centuries, illustrating a range of sacrificial rituals and practices as seen in different cultural and geographical contexts.
Related Bibliography: An extensive bibliography spanning scholarly works from the 19^th to 21^st centuries, providing contemporary analyses and interpretations of these early studies and observations.

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Guerra, Giovanni

Hanged Martyrs (1591)

from: A. Gallonio, Trattato degli instrumenti di martirio e delle varie maniere di martoriare usate da' gentilicontro christiani, trattato de gli instrumenti di martirio, e delle varie maniere di martoriare usate da' gentili contro christiani, descritte et intagliate in rame, Roma, Donangeli 1591, n. 19

Topic: 2. Sacrifice and religion: Comparisons, Antiquarians, Anthropology (16th-18th Century)

Hanged Martyrs (1591)

Martyr Bound to a Wheel and Thrown off a Cliff (1591)

Martyr burnt on the Grill (1591)

Martyr Forced to Walk on Hot Coals and Burnt with Hot Oil (1591)

Martyr Hung and Dropped on Spiky Stones (1591)

martyrs at hard labour (1591)

Martyrs Beaten and Tortured in Various Ways (1591)

Martyrs Being Burnt in Various Ways (1591)

Martyrs Burnt in Various Ways (1591)

Martyrs Burnt inside a Boat (1591)

Martyrs Dragged to the Ground (1591)

Martyrs Hanged by the Arms behind Their Backs (1591)

Martyrs Killed in Boiling Water (1591)

Martyrs Smashed and Tortured with Boiling Oil (1591)

Martyrs Stabbed and Dismembered (1591)

Martyrs Stabbed and Dismembered, 2 (1591)

Martyrs Thrown into the Ravine or into the Fire (1591)

Martyrs Tied to a Pole and Beaten (1591)

Martyrs Torn Apart by Beasts (1591)

Martyrs Tortured and Dismembered (1591)

Topic: 2. Sacrifice and religion: Comparisons, Antiquarians, Anthropology (16^th-18^th Century)