Keyword: Japan – Image Gallery

Anonymous / Unknown

Ioannes Chungocu Iappon (1646)

from: Cardim, F. Fasciculus e Iapponicis floribus, Roma, Corbelletti, 1646

Topics:
7. Sacrifices of self: Martirology and Catholic global missions (16^th-18^th Century)

Anonymous / Unknown

Ioachimus et Tomas (1623)

from: Trigault, N. De Christianis Apvd Iaponios Trivmphis, Munich, Sadeler, 1623

Topics:
7. Sacrifices of self: Martirology and Catholic global missions (16^th-18^th Century)

Keywords: Catholic MissionsJapanJesuits (S.J.)Martyrs of Japan

Anonymous / Unknown

Iaponia pro Christi fide Ioanna & Agnes coniugatae, Magdalena vidua, ac Ludovicus adoptus filiolu (1608)

from: Ricci, B. Triumphus Jesu Christi crucifixi, Antwerp, Joannes Moretus, 1608 (Omata-Rappo, H. Death on the Cross; the Beatification of the Twenty-Six Martyrs of Nagasaki (1627) and the Iconography of the Crucificion, in Universo Barroco Iberoamericano 16 (2020) p. 145)

John Burns Library, Boston

Topics:
7. Sacrifices of self: Martirology and Catholic global missions (16^th-18^th Century)

Küsel, Melchior

The beheading of Augustine Ota in Japan on August 10, 1622. (1675)

from: Tanner, Mathias, Societas Iesu usque ad sanguinis et vitae profusionem militans, Typis Universitatis Carolo-Ferdinandeae in Collegio Societatis Jesu ad S. Clementem, Prague 1675, p. 288

Topics:
7. Sacrifices of self: Martirology and Catholic global missions (16^th-18^th Century)

Keywords: Augustine OtaChristian MissionaryJapanJesuits (S.J.)Martyrdom

Anonymous / Unknown

Pater Sebastianus Kimura Iappon (1646)

from: Cardim, F. Fasciculus e Iapponicis floribus, Roma, Corbelletti, 1646

Topics:
7. Sacrifices of self: Martirology and Catholic global missions (16^th-18^th Century)

Keywords: FireIndigenous MartyrsJapanMartyrs of Japan

Anonymous / Unknown

Paulus Rioin Iappon (1646)

from: Cardim, F. Fasciculus e Iapponicis floribus, Roma, Corbelletti, 1646

Topics:
7. Sacrifices of self: Martirology and Catholic global missions (16^th-18^th Century)

Keywords: Indigenous MartyrsJapanMartyrs of JapanUnbloody Sacrifice

Anonymous / Unknown

Pater Petrus Paulus Navarrus Italus (1646)

from: Cardim, F. Fasciculus e Iapponicis floribus, Roma, Corbelletti, 1646

Topics:
7. Sacrifices of self: Martirology and Catholic global missions (16^th-18^th Century)

Keywords: FireItalian MissionariesJapanMartyrs of Japan

Anonymous / Unknown

Petrus Faximolo (1623)

from: Trigault, N. De Christianis Apvd Iaponios Trivmphis, Munich, Sadeler, 1623

Topics:
7. Sacrifices of self: Martirology and Catholic global missions (16^th-18^th Century)

Keywords: Catholic MissionsJapanJesuits (S.J.)Martyrs of Japan

Anonymous / Unknown

Leonardus Kimura Iappon (1646)

from: Cardim, F. Fasciculus e Iapponicis floribus, Roma, Corbelletti, 1646

Topics:
7. Sacrifices of self: Martirology and Catholic global missions (16^th-18^th Century)

Keywords: FireIndigenous MartyrsJapanMartyrs of Japan

Anonymous / Unknown

Ludovicus Cauara? Iappon (1646)

from: Cardim, F. Fasciculus e Iapponicis floribus, Roma, Corbelletti, 1646

Topics:
7. Sacrifices of self: Martirology and Catholic global missions (16^th-18^th Century)

Keywords: FireIndigenous MartyrsJapanMartyrs of Japan

Anonymous / Unknown

Gundisalvus fusai? Iappon (1646)

from: Cardim, F. Fasciculus e Iapponicis floribus, Roma, Corbelletti, 1646

Topics:
7. Sacrifices of self: Martirology and Catholic global missions (16^th-18^th Century)

Keywords: FireIndigenous MartyrsJapanMartyrs of Japan

Anonymous / Unknown

Pater Georgius Carvalhal Lusitanus (1646)

from: Cardim, F. Fasciculus e Iapponicis floribus, Roma, Corbelletti, 1646

Topics:
7. Sacrifices of self: Martirology and Catholic global missions (16^th-18^th Century)

Keywords: JapanMartyrs of JapanPortuguese Missionaries

Anonymous / Unknown

Martyrs of Japan2 (1608)

from: Ricci, B. Triumphus Jesu Christi crucifixi, Antwerp, Joannes Moretus, 1608 (Omata-Rappo, H. Death on the Cross; the Beatification of the Twenty-Six Martyrs of Nagasaki (1627) and the Iconography of the Crucificion, in Universo Barroco Iberoamericano 16 (2020) p. 143)

John Burns Library, Boston

Topics:
7. Sacrifices of self: Martirology and Catholic global missions (16^th-18^th Century)

Anonymous / Unknown

Pater Franciscus Carrionius Hispanus (1646)

from: Cardim, F. Fasciculus e Iapponicis floribus, Roma, Corbelletti, 1646

Topics:
7. Sacrifices of self: Martirology and Catholic global missions (16^th-18^th Century)

Keywords: JapanMartyrs of JapanSpanish Missionaries

Anonymous / Unknown

Crosses (1678)

from: Hazart, C. Die Asiatische Länder, Vienna, Voigt, 1678

Topics:
7. Sacrifices of self: Martirology and Catholic global missions (16^th-18^th Century)

Anonymous / Unknown

Pater Hieronymus de Angelis Siculus (1646)

from: Cardim, F. Fasciculus e Iapponicis floribus, Roma, Corbelletti, 1646

Topics:
7. Sacrifices of self: Martirology and Catholic global missions (16^th-18^th Century)

Keywords: FireItalian MissionariesJapanMartyrs of Japan

Anonymous / Unknown

Flames (1678)

from: Hazart, C. Die Asiatische Länder, Vienna, Voigt, 1678

Topics:
7. Sacrifices of self: Martirology and Catholic global missions (16^th-18^th Century)

Caussé, F.

Véritable Portrait du Vén. Mastrilli. Martyr au Japon, en 1637. [19^th Century]

from: Pouplard, P.-X. La vie merveilleuse du vénérable Marcel Mastrilli, S.J. Client bien-aimé de Saint François Xavier et martyr au Japon. Suive d'une notice sur la chute, la pénitence et le martyre de Christophe Ferreira. Paris, Desclee, 1902.

Topics:
7. Sacrifices of self: Martirology and Catholic global missions (16^th-18^th Century)

Keywords: HagiographiesJapanJesuits (S.J.)MartyrdomNagasaki

Anonymous / Unknown

Pater Mancius Firahayaxi? Iappon (1646)

from: Cardim, F. Fasciculus e Iapponicis floribus, Roma, Corbelletti, 1646

Topics:
7. Sacrifices of self: Martirology and Catholic global missions (16^th-18^th Century)

Keywords: Indigenous MartyrsJapanMartyrs of JapanUnbloody Sacrifice

Anonymous / Unknown

Candenti ferro (1623)

from: Trigault, N. De Christianis Apvd Iaponios Trivmphis, Munich, Sadeler, 1623

Topics:
7. Sacrifices of self: Martirology and Catholic global missions (16^th-18^th Century)

Keywords: Catholic MissionsJapanJesuits (S.J.)Martyrs of Japan

Parets, Miquel

Frare crucificat (1628)

from: De molts successos que han succeït dins Barcelona i molts altres llocs de Catalunya dignes de memòria

University Library, Barcelona

Topics:
7. Sacrifices of self: Martirology and Catholic global missions (16^th-18^th Century)

Keywords: Catholic MissionsFranciscans (O.F.M.)JapanMartyrs of Japan

Tanzio da Varallo

Crucifixion of the 26 Martyrs in Nagasaki (16th century)

Topics:
7. Sacrifices of self: Martirology and Catholic global missions (16^th-18^th Century)

Keywords: JapanMartyrs of Japan

Anonymous / Unknown

Drowning (1678)

from: Hazart, C. Die Asiatische Länder, Vienna, Voigt, 1678

Topics:
7. Sacrifices of self: Martirology and Catholic global missions (16^th-18^th Century)

Anonymous / Unknown

Sanctus Johannes Goto Iappon (1646)

from: Cardim, F. Fasciculus e Iapponicis floribus, Roma, Corbelletti, 1646

Topics:
7. Sacrifices of self: Martirology and Catholic global missions (16^th-18^th Century)

Küsel, Melchior

The martyrdom of Michael Nacascima by scalding in boiling water in Japan on December 25, 1628 (1675)

from: Tanner, Mathias, Societas Iesu usque ad sanguinis et vitae profusionem militans, Typis Universitatis Carolo-Ferdinandeae in Collegio Societatis Jesu ad S. Clementem, Prague 1675, p. 333

Topics:
7. Sacrifices of self: Martirology and Catholic global missions (16^th-18^th Century)

Keywords: Christian MissionaryJapanJesuits (S.J.)MartyrdomMichael Nacascima

Anonymous / Unknown

In the Waters (1678)

from: Hazart, C. Die Asiatische Länder, Vienna, Voigt, 1678

Topics:
7. Sacrifices of self: Martirology and Catholic global missions (16^th-18^th Century)

Keywords: JapanJesuits (S.J.)Martys of JapanUnbloody martyrdomunbloody martyrdomUnbloody Martyrdom

García Ferrer, Pedro

Martirio de los santos Pablo Miki, Juan Gotó y Diego Kisai, mártires Jesuitas del Japón (17^th Century)

Museu de Belles Arts, Valencia (Spain)

Topics:
7. Sacrifices of self: Martirology and Catholic global missions (16^th-18^th Century)

Keywords: Catholic MissionsJapanJesuits (S.J.)MartyrdomNagasaki

Japanese artist

Reliquary of Safavid Influence (16/17 century)

São Roque, Lisbon

Topics:
7. Sacrifices of self: Martirology and Catholic global missions (16^th-18^th Century)

Keywords: Catholic MissionsJapanJesuits (S.J.)PersiaRelics

Anonymous / Unknown

Triumphus de Toxonguno (1646)

from: Cardim, A.F. Fasciculus e Iapponicis floribus, Rome, Corbelletti, 1646

Topics:
7. Sacrifices of self: Martirology and Catholic global missions (16^th-18^th Century)

Anonymous / Unknown

Arimae (1623)

from: Trigault, N. De Christianis Apvd Iaponios Trivmphis, Munich, Sadeler, 1623

Topics:
7. Sacrifices of self: Martirology and Catholic global missions (16^th-18^th Century)

Keywords: Catholic MissionsJapanJesuits (S.J.)Martyrs of Japan

Macanese artist

Martyrdom of Nagasaki (1622)

National Heritage Board, Singapore

Topics:
7. Sacrifices of self: Martirology and Catholic global missions (16^th-18^th Century)

Keywords: Catholic MissionsJapanKoreaNagasaki

Anonymous / Unknown

Pater Ioannes Baptista de Baeza Hispanus (1646)

from: Cardim, F. Fasciculus e Iapponicis floribus, Roma, Corbelletti, 1646

Topics:
7. Sacrifices of self: Martirology and Catholic global missions (16^th-18^th Century)

Keywords: JapanMartyrs of JapanSpanish MissionariesUnbloody Sacrifice

Anonymous / Unknown

Viginti martyrum (1623)

from: Trigault, N. De Christianis Apvd Iaponios Trivmphis, Munich, Sadeler, 1623

Topics:
7. Sacrifices of self: Martirology and Catholic global missions (16^th-18^th Century)

Keywords: Catholic MissionsJapanJesuits (S.J.)Martyrs of Japan

Anonymous / Unknown

Sanctus Iacobus Kisai Iappon (1646)

from: Cardim, F. Fasciculus e Iapponicis floribus, Roma, Corbelletti, 1646

Topics:
7. Sacrifices of self: Martirology and Catholic global missions (16^th-18^th Century)

Keywords: Indigenous MartyrsJapanJesuits (S.J.)Martyrs of Japan

Anonymous / Unknown

Märtyrer von Nagasaki (1628)

from: Kilian, W. A.. Drey Seelige Martyrer der Societet Jesu, Augsburg, 1628

Topics:
7. Sacrifices of self: Martirology and Catholic global missions (16^th-18^th Century)

Keywords: Catholic MissionsJapanMartyrs of JapanNagasaki

Anonymous / Unknown

Nails (1678)

from: Hazart, C. Die Asiatische Länder, Vienna, Voigt, 1678

Topics:
7. Sacrifices of self: Martirology and Catholic global missions (16^th-18^th Century)

Anonymous / Unknown

Sanctus Franciscus Xaverius Indiarum Apostolum In Iaponia Pro Fide Lapidatus (1646)

from: Cardim, F. Fasciculus e Iapponicis floribus, Roma, Corbelletti, 1646

Topics:
7. Sacrifices of self: Martirology and Catholic global missions (16^th-18^th Century)

Keywords: Catholic MissionsJapanJesuits (S.J.)Martyrs of Japan

Anonymous / Unknown

Augustinus Ota Iappon (1646)

from: Cardim, F. Fasciculus e Iapponicis floribus, Roma, Corbelletti, 1646

Topics:
7. Sacrifices of self: Martirology and Catholic global missions (16^th-18^th Century)

Keywords: Indigenous MartyrsJapanJesuits (S.J.)Martyrs of Japan

Anonymous / Unknown

Germani (1623)

from: Trigault, N. De Christianis Apvd Iaponios Trivmphis, Munich, Sadeler, 1623

Topics:
7. Sacrifices of self: Martirology and Catholic global missions (16^th-18^th Century)

Keywords: Catholic MissionsJapanJesuits (S.J.)Martyrs of Japan

Anonymous / Unknown

Fires (1678)

from: Hazart, C. Die Asiatische Länder, Vienna, Voigt, 1678

Topics:
7. Sacrifices of self: Martirology and Catholic global missions (16^th-18^th Century)

Anonymous / Unknown

Pater Didacus Carvallius Lusitanus (1646)

from: Cardim, F. Fasciculus e Iapponicis floribus, Roma, Corbelletti, 1646

Topics:
7. Sacrifices of self: Martirology and Catholic global missions (16^th-18^th Century)

Keywords: Catholic MissionsJapanMartyrs of JapanPortuguese Missionaries

Anonymous / Unknown

Crura (1623)

from: Trigault, N. De Christianis Apvd Iaponios Trivmphis, Munich, Sadeler, 1623

Topics:
7. Sacrifices of self: Martirology and Catholic global missions (16^th-18^th Century)

Keywords: Catholic MissionsJapanJesuits (S.J.)Martyrs of Japan

Anonymous / Unknown

Iumento impolitus (1646)

from: Cardim, A.F. Fasciculus e Iapponicis floribus, Rome, Corbelletti, 1646

Topics:
7. Sacrifices of self: Martirology and Catholic global missions (16^th-18^th Century)

Lommelin, Adriaen

Jan Baptist van Baëza (1630 - 1677)

Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam

Topics:
7. Sacrifices of self: Martirology and Catholic global missions (16^th-18^th Century)

Anonymous / Unknown

Martyrs of Japan (1668)

from: Hazart, C. Kirchen-Geschichte, vol. I, p. 196 (Omata-Rappo, Des Indes lointaines aux scènes des collèges: les reflets des martyrs de la mission japonaise en Europe (XVI -XVIII siècle) (2016), fig 123)

Topics:
7. Sacrifices of self: Martirology and Catholic global missions (16^th-18^th Century)

Anonymous / Unknown

Starving (1678)

from: Hazart, C. Die Asiatische Länder, Vienna, Voigt, 1678

Topics:
7. Sacrifices of self: Martirology and Catholic global missions (16^th-18^th Century)

Keywords: JapanJesuits (S.J.)Martys of JapanUnbloody martyrdomunbloody martyrdomUnbloody Martyrdom

Küsel, Melchior

Father Didacus Carvallius (Carvalho) being executed by submersion in a frozen lake in Japan on February 22, 1624 (1675)

from: Tanner, Mathias Societas Iesu usque ad sanguinis et vitae profusionem militans, Pragae, Typis Universitatis Carolo-Ferdinandeae in Collegio Societatis Jesu ad S. Clementem, 1675, p. 313

Topics:
7. Sacrifices of self: Martirology and Catholic global missions (16^th-18^th Century)

Keywords: Christian MissionaryDidacus Carvallius (Carvalho)JapanJesuits (S.J.)Martyrdom

Anonymous / Unknown

Twenty-six Martyrs of Japan Museum (1962)

Nagasaki

Topics:
7. Sacrifices of self: Martirology and Catholic global missions (16^th-18^th Century)

Keywords: Franciscans (O.F.M.)JapanJesuits (S.J.)Martyrs of Japan

Anonymous / Unknown

Thomas Acafoxi Iappon (1646)

from: Cardim, F. Fasciculus e Iapponicis floribus, Roma, Corbelletti, 1646

Topics:
7. Sacrifices of self: Martirology and Catholic global missions (16^th-18^th Century)

Keywords: FireIndigenous MartyrsJapanMartyrs of Japan

Anonymous / Unknown

Pater Franciscus Pachecus Lusitanus (1646)

from: Cardim, F. Fasciculus e Iapponicis floribus, Roma, Corbelletti, 1646

Topics:
7. Sacrifices of self: Martirology and Catholic global missions (16^th-18^th Century)

Keywords: FireJapanMartyrs of JapanPortuguese Missionaries

Anonymous / Unknown

Pater Benedictus Fernandus Lusitanus etc (1675)

from: Societas Jesu usque ad sanguinis et vitae p. 361 (Omata-Rappo, H. Des Indes lointaines aux scènes des collèges: les reflets des martyrs de la mission japonaise en Europe (XVI -XVIII siècle) (2016), fig. 117)

Topics:
7. Sacrifices of self: Martirology and Catholic global missions (16^th-18^th Century)

Anonymous / Unknown

Drey Japponische (1599)

from: Froís, L. Drey Japponische Schreiben, Mainz, Albin, 1599

Topics:
7. Sacrifices of self: Martirology and Catholic global missions (16^th-18^th Century)

Anonymous / Unknown

In carcerem Vomurae (1646)

from: Cardim, A.F. Fasciculus e Iapponicis floribus, Rome, Corbelletti, 1646

Topics:
7. Sacrifices of self: Martirology and Catholic global missions (16^th-18^th Century)

Anonymous / Unknown

Cross (1599)

from: Relatione della Gloriosa morte, 1599, p. 101 (Omata-Rappo, H. Death on the Cross; the Beatification of the Twenty-Six Martyrs of Nagasaki (1627) and the Iconography of the Crucifixion, in Universo Barroco Iberoamericano 16 (2020) p. 137)

Harvard Houghton Library, Boston

Topics:
7. Sacrifices of self: Martirology and Catholic global missions (16^th-18^th Century)

Keywords: JapanMartyrs in Asia

Japanese artist

Reliquary Casket (16-17. sec)

Museu de São Roque, Lisbon

Topics:
7. Sacrifices of self: Martirology and Catholic global missions (16^th-18^th Century)

Keywords: Catholic MissionsCross-Cultural EncountersJapanRelics

Anonymous / Unknown

Sanctus Franciscus Carrion Hispanus (1675)

from: Societas Jesu usque ad sanguinis et vitae p. 251 (Omata-Rappo, Des Indes lointaines aux scènes des collèges: les reflets des martyrs de la mission japonaise en Europe (XVI -XVIII siècle) (2016), fig. 115)

Topics:
7. Sacrifices of self: Martirology and Catholic global missions (16^th-18^th Century)

Anonymous / Unknown

Cross (1678)

from: Hazart, C. Die Asiatische Länder, Vienna, Voigt, 1678

Topics:
7. Sacrifices of self: Martirology and Catholic global missions (16^th-18^th Century)

Anonymous / Unknown

Martyrs of Japan (1608)

from: Ricci, B. Triumphus Jesu Christi crucifixi, Antwerp, Joannes Moretus, 1608 (Omata-Rappo, H. Death on the Cross; the Beatification of the Twenty-Six Martyrs of Nagasaki (1627) and the Iconography of the Crucifixion, in Universo Barroco Iberoamericano 16 (2020) p. 142)

John Burns Library, Boston

Topics:
7. Sacrifices of self: Martirology and Catholic global missions (16^th-18^th Century)

Anonymous / Unknown

Fidem intentatis tormentis (1646)

from: Cardim, A.F. Fasciculus e Iapponicis floribus, Rome, Corbelletti, 1646

Topics:
7. Sacrifices of self: Martirology and Catholic global missions (16^th-18^th Century)

Anonymous / Unknown

Michael et Linus (1623)

from: Trigault, N. De Christianis Apvd Iaponios Trivmphis, Munich, Sadeler, 1623

Topics:
7. Sacrifices of self: Martirology and Catholic global missions (16^th-18^th Century)

Keywords: Catholic MissionsJapanJesuits (S.J.)Martyrs of Japan

Küsel, Melchior

P. Franciscus Paciecus Lusit. ; P. Balthasar de Torres Hisp. ; P. Ioannes Zola Ital. , cum 6 Coadiutoribus Iaponijs , Soc. IESUs, lento igne vivi pro Christo exusti Nangasacki in Iaponia 20. Iunij, A. 1626. (1675)

from: Mathias Tanner, Societas Iesu usque ad sanguinis et vitae profusionem militans, [...] in causa fidei, & virtutis propugnatae, violenta morte toto orbe sublati sunt, Praga, Typis Universitatis Carolo-Ferdinandeae in Collegio Societatis Jesu ad S. Clementem, 1675.

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Topics:
7. Sacrifices of self: Martirology and Catholic global missions (16^th-18^th Century)

Keywords: Francisco PachecoJapanJesuits (S.J.)MartyrdomPortuguese Missionaries

Anonymous / Unknown

Matthias Sanga Iappon (1646)

from: Cardim, F. Fasciculus e Iapponicis floribus, Roma, Corbelletti, 1646

Topics:
7. Sacrifices of self: Martirology and Catholic global missions (16^th-18^th Century)

Keywords: Indigenous MartyrsJapanMartyrs of JapanUnbloody Sacrifice

Anonymous / Unknown

Sanctus Paulus Michi Iappon (1646)

from: Cardim, F. Fasciculus e Iapponicis floribus, Roma, Corbelletti, 1646

Topics:
7. Sacrifices of self: Martirology and Catholic global missions (16^th-18^th Century)

Anonymous / Unknown

Ambrosius Fernandes Lusitanus (1646)

from: Cardim, F. Fasciculus e Iapponicis floribus, Roma, Corbelletti, 1646

Topics:
7. Sacrifices of self: Martirology and Catholic global missions (16^th-18^th Century)

Keywords: JapanMartyrs of JapanPortuguese Missionaries

Sadeler, Raphaël

Twenty-three Christian Martyrs in Japan (1627 - 1632)

Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam

Topics:
7. Sacrifices of self: Martirology and Catholic global missions (16^th-18^th Century)

Keywords: Franciscans (O.F.M.)JapanJesuits (S.J.)Martyrs of JapanNagasaki

Anonymous / Unknown

Japanese Tortures (17th century)

from: Kirishitantaiji monogatari (Omata-Rappo, Des Indes lointaines aux scènes des collèges: les reflets des martyrs de la mission japonaise en Europe (XVI -XVIII siècle) (2016), fig. 71)

Topics:
7. Sacrifices of self: Martirology and Catholic global missions (16^th-18^th Century)

Keywords: JapanMartyrs of JapanTortures

Unknown

Yamata no Orochi venant réclamer son sacrifice (17th)

from: Bibliothèque nationale de France, Département des manuscrits, Smith-Lesouëf Japonais 177 (1)

Paris, BnF

Topics:
2. Sacrifice and religion: Comparisons, Antiquarians, Anthropology (16^th-18^th Century)

Keywords: FireJapan

Anonymous / Unknown

Tokurin genpiroku (1814)

from: Omata-Rappo, H. Death on the Cross; the Beatification of the Twenty-Six Martyrs of Nagasaki (1627) and the Iconography of the Crucifixion, in Universo Barroco Iberoamericano 16 (2020) p. 133

National Archive of Japan

Topics:
7. Sacrifices of self: Martirology and Catholic global missions (16^th-18^th Century)

Keywords: JapanMartyrs of Japan

Anonymous / Unknown

Japponische Beschreibung (1599)

from: Froís, L .Drey Japponische Schreiben, Mainz, Albin, 1599

Topics:
7. Sacrifices of self: Martirology and Catholic global missions (16^th-18^th Century)